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Porous Concrete Moulded Part And Method For Its Manufacture

Patent No. EP2371783 (titled "Porous Concrete Moulded Part And Method For Its Manufacture") was filed by Xella Technologie- und Forschungsgesellschaft mbH on Jan 28, 2011. The application was issued on Apr 27, 2022.

Patent Summary

Patent Family

Patent Oppositions (2)

Patent oppositions filed by competitors challenge the validity of a granted patent. These oppositions are typically based on claims of prior art, lack of novelty, or non-obviousness. They are a key part of the process for determining a patent's strength and enforceability.

Company	Opposition Date	Representative
BUNDESVERBAND PORENBETONINDUSTRIE EV PORIT	Dec 11, 2015	WISCHMEYER
HH	Dec 11, 2015	RAFFAY & FLECK

Dossier Documents

The dossier documents provide a comprehensive record of the patent's prosecution history - including filings, correspondence, and decisions made by patent offices - and are crucial for understanding the patent's legal journey and any challenges it may have faced during examination.

Date
Description

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Mar 31, 2022
Decision to maintain the European patent in amended form
Mar 31, 2022
Decision to maintain the European patent in amended form
Mar 31, 2022
Decision to maintain the European patent in amended form
Mar 25, 2022
Termination of the opposition proceedings with maintenance of patent
Mar 24, 2022
Druckexemplar in opposition procedure
Mar 22, 2022
(Electronic) Receipt
Mar 22, 2022
Claims
Mar 22, 2022
Description
Mar 22, 2022
English translation of the claims
Mar 22, 2022
Filing of the translation of the amended claims
Mar 22, 2022
French translation of claims
Mar 22, 2022
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Jan 11, 2022
Communication of bibliographic data
Jan 11, 2022
Communication to opponent concerning maintenance
Jan 11, 2022
Communication to opponent concerning maintenance
Jan 11, 2022
Communication with request to file translations
Dec 20, 2021
Maintenance of the patent with the documents specified in the final decision
Nov 4, 2021
Advice of delivery
Nov 2, 2021
(Electronic) Receipt
Nov 2, 2021
F3936 Acknowledgement of receipt Board of Appeal
Nov 2, 2021
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Nov 1, 2021
F3936 Acknowledgement of receipt Board of Appeal
Oct 28, 2021
Decision of the Board of Appeal
Oct 28, 2021
F3032 Notification(s) of the decision
Oct 28, 2021
F3032 Notification(s) of the decision
Oct 28, 2021
F3032 Notification(s) of the decision
Aug 3, 2021
F3013 Oral Proceedings: Forwarding minutes
Aug 3, 2021
F3013 Oral Proceedings: Forwarding minutes
Aug 3, 2021
F3013 Oral Proceedings: Forwarding minutes
Aug 3, 2021
F3316 Oral Proceedings: Minutes (Appellant: Opponent)
Jul 21, 2021
F3004 Communication of the Registry
Jul 21, 2021
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Jul 21, 2021
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Jul 20, 2021
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Jul 20, 2021
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Jul 14, 2021
(Electronic) Receipt
Jul 14, 2021
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Jul 14, 2021
Letter dealing with oral proceedings
Jul 1, 2021
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Jul 1, 2021
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Jun 30, 2021
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Jun 30, 2021
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Jun 25, 2021
(Electronic) Receipt
Jun 25, 2021
(Electronic) Receipt
Jun 25, 2021
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Jun 25, 2021
Request for interpreters during oral proceedings
Jun 25, 2021
Request for interpreters during oral proceedings
Jun 25, 2021
Written submission in preparation to/during oral proceedings
Jun 14, 2021
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Jun 14, 2021
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Jun 9, 2021
(Electronic) Receipt
Jun 9, 2021
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Jun 9, 2021
Request for interpreters during oral proceedings
May 18, 2021
F3305 Communication of the Board of Appeal (ex parte/ inter partes)
May 18, 2021
F3305 Communication of the Board of Appeal (ex parte/ inter partes)
May 18, 2021
F3305 Communication of the Board of Appeal (ex parte/ inter partes)
May 3, 2021
Advice of delivery
Apr 28, 2021
Advice of delivery
Apr 26, 2021
Advice of delivery
Apr 22, 2021
F3011.1 Oral Proceedings: summons
Apr 22, 2021
F3011.1 Oral Proceedings: summons
Apr 22, 2021
F3011.1 Oral Proceedings: summons
Apr 19, 2021
F3010 Oral proceedings: order for summons
Feb 2, 2021
Communication of amended entries concerning the representative
Jan 27, 2021
Submission concerning change of applicant's representative
Jul 24, 2020
F3303.16 Change of composition of the Board (T)
Nov 29, 2018
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Nov 29, 2018
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Nov 23, 2018
(Electronic) Receipt
Nov 23, 2018
(Electronic) Receipt
Nov 23, 2018
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Nov 23, 2018
Non-Patent Literature cited during the appeal procedure
Nov 23, 2018
Non-Patent Literature cited during the appeal procedure
Nov 23, 2018
Non-Patent Literature cited during the appeal procedure
Nov 23, 2018
Non-Patent Literature cited during the appeal procedure
Nov 23, 2018
Reply to appeal
Nov 23, 2018
Written submission in preparation to/during oral proceedings
Jul 20, 2018
F3040 Term extension: Yes/No
Jul 20, 2018
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Jul 20, 2018
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Jul 16, 2018
Composition of the board (T)
Jul 16, 2018
Request for extension of time limit
May 14, 2018
F3344 Setting time limit for reply/ file observations to appeal (inter partes)
May 14, 2018
F3344 Setting time limit for reply/ file observations to appeal (inter partes)
May 14, 2018
F3344 Setting time limit for reply/ file observations to appeal (inter partes)
May 8, 2018
(Electronic) Receipt
May 8, 2018
(Electronic) Receipt
May 8, 2018
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
May 8, 2018
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
May 8, 2018
Letter relating to Appeal Procedure
May 8, 2018
Patent Document cited during the appeal procedure
May 8, 2018
Patent Document cited during the appeal procedure
May 8, 2018
Statement of grounds of appeal
May 4, 2018
(Electronic) Receipt
May 4, 2018
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
May 4, 2018
Patent Document cited during the appeal procedure
May 4, 2018
Patent Document cited during the appeal procedure
May 4, 2018
Patent Document cited during the appeal procedure
May 4, 2018
Statement of grounds of appeal
Apr 4, 2018
Communication of amended entries in the Register of European Patents
Apr 4, 2018
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Apr 4, 2018
F3345 Forwarding of submissions to parties
Mar 28, 2018
(Electronic) Receipt
Mar 28, 2018
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Mar 28, 2018
Letter relating to Appeal Procedure
Mar 27, 2018
(Electronic) Receipt
Mar 27, 2018
(Electronic) Receipt
Mar 27, 2018
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Mar 27, 2018
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Mar 27, 2018
Letter relating to Appeal Procedure
Mar 27, 2018
Letter relating to Appeal Procedure
Mar 27, 2018
Request concerning the applicant/representative
Mar 21, 2018
Advice of delivery
Mar 16, 2018
Advice of delivery
Mar 15, 2018
Acknowledgement of a document
Mar 15, 2018
Acknowledgement of a document
Mar 15, 2018
F3045 Inadmissibility of the appeal: missing address / missing name
Mar 15, 2018
F3045 Inadmissibility of the appeal: missing address / missing name
Mar 15, 2018
F3204 Communication of the file number to the parties
Mar 15, 2018
F3204 Communication of the file number to the parties
Mar 13, 2018
Notice of appeal
Mar 12, 2018
(Electronic) Receipt
Mar 12, 2018
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Mar 12, 2018
Notice of appeal
Mar 9, 2018
Notice of appeal
Mar 9, 2018
Processing of an appeal
Mar 7, 2018
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Feb 23, 2018
Advice of delivery
Feb 21, 2018
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Feb 14, 2018
Advice of delivery
Feb 7, 2018
(Electronic) Receipt
Feb 7, 2018
Claims
Feb 7, 2018
Clean copy of claims in the opposition procedure
Feb 7, 2018
Clean copy of description pages in the opposition procedure
Feb 7, 2018
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Feb 7, 2018
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Jan 25, 2018
Advice of delivery
Jan 16, 2018
Advice of delivery
Jan 16, 2018
Advice of delivery
Jan 12, 2018
Advice of delivery
Jan 10, 2018
Acknowledgement of a document
Jan 10, 2018
Acknowledgement of a document
Jan 10, 2018
Acknowledgement of a document
Jan 10, 2018
Annex to the communication - opposition
Jan 10, 2018
Decision of the Opposition Division and instruction
Jan 10, 2018
Grounds for the decision (Annex) - opposition
Jan 10, 2018
Interlocutory decision in opposition proceedings
Jan 10, 2018
Internal form - Opposition/addressees
Jan 10, 2018
Internal form - Opposition/addressees
Jan 10, 2018
Means of redress
Jan 10, 2018
Minutes of the oral proceedings (Opposition Division) - conclusion of the proceedings
Jan 10, 2018
Minutes of the oral proceedings (Opposition Division) - conclusion of the proceedings
Jan 10, 2018
Minutes of the oral proceedings (Opposition Division) - introduction of the parties
Jan 10, 2018
OPPODREX with handwritten amendments
Jan 10, 2018
Provision of a copy of the minutes - opposition procedure
Jan 10, 2018
Scanned annex to a communication - opposition procedure
Nov 17, 2017
Information about the result of oral proceedings
Nov 16, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Nov 16, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Nov 16, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Nov 16, 2017
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Nov 13, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Nov 13, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Nov 10, 2017
(Electronic) Receipt
Nov 10, 2017
Citation in opposition procedure
Nov 10, 2017
Citation in opposition procedure
Nov 10, 2017
Citation in opposition procedure
Nov 10, 2017
Citation in opposition procedure
Nov 10, 2017
Citation in opposition procedure
Nov 10, 2017
Citation in opposition procedure
Nov 10, 2017
Citation in opposition procedure
Nov 10, 2017
Citation in opposition procedure
Nov 10, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Nov 10, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Nov 10, 2017
Non-patent literature cited during the opposition procedure
Oct 25, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Oct 25, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Oct 23, 2017
Any annexes (other than citation) to an opposition letter
Oct 23, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Oct 23, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Oct 23, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Oct 20, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Oct 20, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Oct 20, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Oct 20, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Oct 19, 2017
Any annexes (other than citation) to an opposition letter
Oct 19, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Oct 18, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Oct 17, 2017
(Electronic) Receipt
Oct 17, 2017
(Electronic) Receipt
Oct 17, 2017
Citation in opposition procedure
Oct 17, 2017
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Oct 17, 2017
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Oct 17, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Oct 17, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Oct 16, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Sep 20, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Sep 20, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Sep 11, 2017
(Electronic) Receipt
Sep 11, 2017
Authorisation
Sep 11, 2017
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Sep 11, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Aug 25, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Aug 25, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Aug 25, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Aug 25, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Aug 21, 2017
Request for interpreters during oral proceedings
Aug 16, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Aug 16, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Aug 10, 2017
Authorisation
Aug 10, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Aug 8, 2017
(Electronic) Receipt
Aug 8, 2017
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Aug 8, 2017
Request for interpreters during oral proceedings
Mar 10, 2017
Advice of delivery
Mar 7, 2017
Advice of delivery
Mar 7, 2017
Advice of delivery
Mar 3, 2017
Advice of delivery
Feb 28, 2017
Advice of delivery
Feb 28, 2017
Advice of delivery
Feb 27, 2017
Advice of delivery
Feb 23, 2017
Acknowledgement of a document
Feb 23, 2017
Acknowledgement of a document
Feb 23, 2017
Acknowledgement of a document
Feb 23, 2017
Information concerning oral proceedings
Feb 23, 2017
Summons to attend oral proceedings
Feb 23, 2017
Summons to attend oral proceedings
Feb 23, 2017
Summons to attend oral proceedings
Feb 21, 2017
Notification concerning the date of oral proceedings
Feb 21, 2017
Notification concerning the date of oral proceedings
Feb 21, 2017
Notification concerning the date of oral proceedings
Feb 15, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Feb 15, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Feb 15, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Feb 14, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Feb 14, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Feb 10, 2017
Advice of delivery
Feb 10, 2017
Request for interpreters during oral proceedings
Feb 9, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Feb 8, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Feb 8, 2017
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Feb 7, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Feb 3, 2017
Advice of delivery
Feb 1, 2017
Advice of delivery
Jan 31, 2017
Advice of delivery
Jan 31, 2017
Advice of delivery
Jan 30, 2017
(Electronic) Receipt
Jan 30, 2017
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Jan 30, 2017
Letter regarding the opposition procedure (no time limit)
Jan 25, 2017
Acknowledgement of a document
Jan 25, 2017
Acknowledgement of a document
Jan 25, 2017
Acknowledgement of a document
Jan 25, 2017
Annex to the communication - opposition
Jan 25, 2017
Information concerning oral proceedings
Jan 25, 2017
Preparation for oral proceedings
Jan 25, 2017
Summons to attend oral proceedings
Jan 25, 2017
Summons to attend oral proceedings
Jan 25, 2017
Summons to attend oral proceedings
Nov 7, 2016
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Nov 7, 2016
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Nov 2, 2016
(Electronic) Receipt
Nov 2, 2016
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Nov 2, 2016
Non-patent literature cited during the opposition procedure
Nov 2, 2016
Non-patent literature cited during the opposition procedure
Nov 2, 2016
Non-patent literature cited during the opposition procedure
Nov 2, 2016
Notice of opposition
Nov 2, 2016
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Aug 3, 2016
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Aug 3, 2016
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
Jul 26, 2016
Amended claims with annotations
Jul 26, 2016
Amended description with annotations
Jul 26, 2016
Citation in opposition procedure
Jul 26, 2016
Citation in opposition procedure
Jul 26, 2016
Citation in opposition procedure
Jul 26, 2016
Citation in opposition procedure
Jul 26, 2016
Citation in opposition procedure
Jul 26, 2016
Citation in opposition procedure
Jul 26, 2016
Citation in opposition procedure
Jul 26, 2016
Citation in opposition procedure
Jul 26, 2016
Claims
Jul 26, 2016
Description
Jul 26, 2016
Reply of the patent proprietor to the notice(s) of opposition
May 24, 2016
Communication of amended entries concerning the representative
May 17, 2016
Submission concerning change of applicant's representative
May 2, 2016
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
May 2, 2016
Brief communication - Opposition proceedings
May 2, 2016
Grant of extension of time limit (opposition procedure)
Apr 22, 2016
Request for extension of time limit
Mar 23, 2016
Submission concerning representation
Jan 19, 2016
Communication of a notice of opposition and request to file observations
Jan 19, 2016
Notice of further oppositions to opponent(s)
Jan 19, 2016
Notice of further oppositions to opponent(s)
Jan 7, 2016
Authorisation
Jan 7, 2016
Submission concerning representation
Dec 22, 2015
Communication of a notice of opposition - first information to patent proprietor
Dec 11, 2015
(Electronic) Receipt
Dec 11, 2015
(Electronic) Receipt
Dec 11, 2015
Any annexes (other than citation) to an opposition letter
Dec 11, 2015
Any annexes (other than citation) to an opposition letter
Dec 11, 2015
Any annexes (other than citation) to an opposition letter
Dec 11, 2015
Any annexes (other than citation) to an opposition letter
Dec 11, 2015
Any annexes (other than citation) to an opposition letter
Dec 11, 2015
Non-patent literature cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Non-patent literature cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Non-patent literature cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Non-patent literature cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Non-patent literature cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Non-patent literature cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Non-patent literature cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Non-patent literature cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Non-patent literature cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Notice of opposition
Dec 11, 2015
Notice of opposition
Dec 11, 2015
Notice of opposition
Dec 11, 2015
Notice of opposition
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Dec 11, 2015
Patent document cited during the opposition procedure
Aug 13, 2015
CDS Clean up - amended data concerning the representative for the applicant
Mar 11, 2015
Transmission of the certificate for a European patent pursuant to Rule 74 EPC
Feb 12, 2015
Decision to grant a European patent
Jan 9, 2015
(Electronic) Receipt
Jan 9, 2015
English translation of the claims
Jan 9, 2015
Filing of the translations of the claims
Jan 9, 2015
French translation of claims
Jan 9, 2015
Letter accompanying subsequently filed items
Jan 9, 2015
Payment of fees and costs
Oct 6, 2014
Bibliographic data of the European patent application
Oct 6, 2014
Communication about intention to grant a European patent
Oct 6, 2014
Intention to grant (signatures)
Oct 6, 2014
Text intended for grant
Sep 3, 2014
Amended claims with annotations
Sep 3, 2014
Amended description with annotations
Sep 3, 2014
Claims
Sep 3, 2014
Description
Sep 3, 2014
Matter concerning the application
Jul 9, 2014
Amended claims with annotations
Jul 9, 2014
Amended description with annotations
Jul 9, 2014
Claims
Jul 9, 2014
Description
Jul 9, 2014
Reply to communication from the Examining Division
May 30, 2014
Annex to the communication
May 30, 2014
Communication from the Examining Division
Mar 5, 2013
Amended claims with annotations
Mar 5, 2013
Claims
Mar 5, 2013
Letter filed during examination procedure after communication from the Examining Division
Dec 10, 2012
Reply from applicant/patentee regarding third party observations
Sep 11, 2012
Acknowledgement of receipt of third party observations
Sep 11, 2012
Transmittal of third party observations to applicant
Sep 4, 2012
Amended claims with annotations
Sep 4, 2012
Amended description with annotations
Sep 4, 2012
Claims
Sep 4, 2012
Description
Sep 4, 2012
Reply to communication from the Examining Division
Aug 25, 2012
Non-patent literature cited during the examination procedure
Aug 25, 2012
Non-patent literature cited during the examination procedure
Aug 25, 2012
Non-patent literature cited during the examination procedure
Aug 25, 2012
Non-scannable object
Aug 25, 2012
Non-scannable object
Aug 25, 2012
Observations by third parties
Jun 19, 2012
Annex to the communication
Jun 19, 2012
Communication from the Examining Division
Mar 22, 2012
Matter concerning the application
Mar 22, 2012
Priority search results
Feb 27, 2012
Invitation to file a copy of search results(priority)
Feb 8, 2012
Amended claims filed after receipt of (European) search report
Feb 8, 2012
Amended claims with annotations
Feb 8, 2012
Amendments received before examination
Oct 10, 2011
Reminder period for payment of examination fee/designation fee and correction of deficiencies in Written Opinion/amendment
Sep 7, 2011
Notification of forthcoming publication
Jul 29, 2011
Communication regarding the transmission of the European search report
Jul 29, 2011
European search opinion
Jul 29, 2011
European search report
Mar 31, 2011
Letter concerning the priority
Mar 31, 2011
Priority document
Jan 28, 2011
Abstract
Jan 28, 2011
Acknowledgement of receipt of electronic submission of the request for grant of a European patent
Jan 28, 2011
Claims
Jan 28, 2011
Description
Jan 28, 2011
Letter concerning the inventor
Jan 28, 2011
Request for grant of a European patent

EP2371783

XELLA TECHNOLOGIE- UND FORSCHUNGSGESELLSCHAFT MBH

Application Number: EP11152622A
Filing Date: Jan 28, 2011
Status: Patent Maintained As Amended; Mar 25, 2022
Publication Date: Apr 27, 2022
External Links: Slate, Register , Google Patents